The next three characters represent the permissions for members of the file group. The next three characters represent the permissions for the file's owner: the owner may read from, write to, ore xecute the file. The first character represents the file type: ' -' for a regular file, ' d' for a directory, ' l' for a symbolic link. Here's what each part of this information means:. displays something like the following: -rwxrw-r- 1 hope hopestaff 123 Feb 03 15:36 file.txt To view extended information about files, use the -l option to create a 'long' listing. There were serious problems for example, a command-line option could not be accessed. There were minor problems for example, could not access a subdirectory. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. With -color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with -color=never. Units are K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y (powers of 1024) or KB, MB. Size is an integer and optional unit (example: 10M is 10*1024*1024). Print any SELinux security context of each file. List entries by lines instead of by columns. Natural sort of (version) numbers within text.Īssume screen width cols instead of current value. With -lt:, sort by and show access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time.ĭo not sort lists entries in the directory order.

Style may be one of: ' full-iso', ' long-iso', ' iso', ' locale', ' + format'.įormat is interpreted like ' date' if format is ' format1 format2', format1 applies to non-recent files and format2 to recent files if style is prefixed with ' posix-', style takes effect only outside the POSIX locale.Īssume tab stops at each cols instead of 8. With -l, show time as word instead of modification time: ' atime' ( -u), ' access' ( -u), ' use' ( -u), ' ctime' ( -c), or ' status' ( -c) use specified time as sort key if -sort=time. Sort by word instead of name: none ( -U), extension ( -X), size ( -S), time ( -t), version ( -v). Print the allocated size of each file, in blocks. Use quoting style word for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape. Show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is ' ls' and output is a terminal). Print ? instead of non graphic characters. Like -l, but do not list group information. Print raw entry names (don't treat e.g., control characters specially). Like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs. When showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself.įill width with a comma separated list of entries. dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dirįollow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory.ĭo not list implied entries matching shell pattern (overridden by -a or -A).Īppend indicator with style word to entry names: none (default), slash ( -p), file-type ( -file-type), classify ( -F).ĭo not list implied entries matching shell pattern. Like -human-readable, but use powers of 1000, not 1024.įollow symbolic links listed on the command line. With -l, print sizes in human-readable format (e.g., 1K, 234M, 2G). In a long listing, don't print group names. Can be augmented with a -sort option, but any use of -sort=none ( -U) disables grouping. Similar to -classify, except do not append ' *'įormats according to the following: across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C. Generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode.ĭo not sort, enable -aU, and disable -ls -color. List directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links. when defaults to ' always' or can be ' never' or ' auto'. With -lt:, sort by and show the ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l:, show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first.Ĭolorize the output. See size format below.ĭo not list implied entries ending with ' ~'. For example, ' -block-size=M' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes. Scale sizes by size before printing them. Print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters. ', providing visibility to hidden files (those starting with a '.') ls Options -a, -allĭo not ignore entries starting with '. With no options, ls lists the files contained in the current directory, sorting them alphabetically.

Ls lists files and directories, and their associated metadata, such as file size, ownership, and modification time.

Make ls show hidden files